I think your explanation of inflation is a little simplistic. It appears that governments can print some amount of money, relative to total supply and gdp, without causing inflation. On the first level, thats because some money is destroyed every year (or buried under mattresses). On a second level, its because they actually target some small amount of inflation, to avoid forementioned mattress-hoarding). However, even beyond that, the amount they need to print to achieve the same level of inflation can be vastly different depending on circumstance and country. That is usually relating to demand for money, which isn't fixed (but also to some degree by trust in government by the financial system). Inflation can also heavily based on vibes - events like ukraine war and covid can become self-fulfilling prophecies, with business leaders expecting inflation, so they raise their prices to get ahead of it. Everyone independently does this, and pat themselves on the back for their powers of prediction as they observe prices rise.